ABSTRACT
Purpose@#To investigate the associations of type of orbital trauma with pattern of retinal contusion and the characteristics of orbital wall fracture in patients, and to assist in the treatment of orbital trauma. @*Methods@#We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 351 eyes in 351 patients with orbital wall fractures or retinal contusion among patients with orbital trauma who came to the hospital via the emergency room between March 2018 and August 2019. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of retinal contusion. Age, sex, and cause of trauma were investigated in each group. In addition, the characteristics of the patients were analyzed according to the range of peripheral retinal contusion, and whether the retinal contusion invaded the fovea. In addition, the relationship between the location of orbital fractures and area of retinal contusion was analyzed. @*Results@#“Assault” was the most common cause of orbital trauma in the retinal contusion group (19 of 41 eyes, 46.3%). “Traffic accident” was the most common cause of orbital trauma in the group with only orbital fracture without retinal contusion (108 of 310 eyes, 34.8%). The proportion of multiple orbital fractures was significantly higher in the group with a wide rather than a narrow range of peripheral retinal contusions (p = 0.020). “Flying object” was listed as the cause of orbital trauma significantly more often in the foveal contusion group than the intact fovea group (p = 0.036). @*Conclusions@#Retinal contusions were found significantly more often in cases with orbital trauma due to “assault” or “flying object”. In the presence of multiple orbital wall fractures, the range of peripheral retinal contusion was wide. Retinal contusion due to “flying object” showed the highest rate of foveal involvement.
ABSTRACT
Purpose@#To investigate the associations of type of orbital trauma with pattern of retinal contusion and the characteristics of orbital wall fracture in patients, and to assist in the treatment of orbital trauma. @*Methods@#We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 351 eyes in 351 patients with orbital wall fractures or retinal contusion among patients with orbital trauma who came to the hospital via the emergency room between March 2018 and August 2019. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of retinal contusion. Age, sex, and cause of trauma were investigated in each group. In addition, the characteristics of the patients were analyzed according to the range of peripheral retinal contusion, and whether the retinal contusion invaded the fovea. In addition, the relationship between the location of orbital fractures and area of retinal contusion was analyzed. @*Results@#“Assault” was the most common cause of orbital trauma in the retinal contusion group (19 of 41 eyes, 46.3%). “Traffic accident” was the most common cause of orbital trauma in the group with only orbital fracture without retinal contusion (108 of 310 eyes, 34.8%). The proportion of multiple orbital fractures was significantly higher in the group with a wide rather than a narrow range of peripheral retinal contusions (p = 0.020). “Flying object” was listed as the cause of orbital trauma significantly more often in the foveal contusion group than the intact fovea group (p = 0.036). @*Conclusions@#Retinal contusions were found significantly more often in cases with orbital trauma due to “assault” or “flying object”. In the presence of multiple orbital wall fractures, the range of peripheral retinal contusion was wide. Retinal contusion due to “flying object” showed the highest rate of foveal involvement.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production by inhibiting re-uptake of adenosine and may potentiate nitric oxide (NO) activity. This study was performed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of PDE inhibitors on trabecular outflow in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells (HTMCs). METHODS: Primary HTMC cultures were exposed to 0, 20, and 50 µM dipyridamole (DPD) or theophylline (TPN). Permeability through the HTMC monolayer was assessed using carboxyfluorescein. The production of NO was assessed using the Griess assay and MMP-2 levels were measured via Western blotting. RESULTS: DPD significantly increased permeability accompanied with increased nitrite concentration and MMP-2 levels (all p 0.05). When treated with DPD and TPN together, both permeability and nitrite production were increased; however, MMP-2 levels showed no difference compared to DPD exposure alone (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: DPD increased trabecular permeability accompanied with increased nitrite production and MMP-2 levels. PDE inhibitors may increase trabecular outflow by increasing MMP-2 levels and by potentiating NO activity through cyclic GMP in HTMC.